Genomics 101 with Black Box Co
Genomic testing of cattle, also known as DNA testing or genotyping, is a process used to analyse the genetic makeup of individual animals.
This technology allows farmers to better understand the genetic traits present in cattle, such as disease resistance, meat quality, and fertility characteristics.
Here's an overview of how genomic testing of cattle is typically done:
1. Sample collection: The process starts with collecting a sample of DNA from the animal. This can be done using various methods, such as collecting hair follicles with roots intact, blood samples, ear tissue samples, or semen. Tissue samples are preferred as they are more robust and easily stored. These are collected in a tissue sampling unit (TSU).
2. DNA extraction: Once the sample is collected, the DNA needs to be extracted from it. This is typically done in a laboratory setting using specialised kits and protocols designed to isolate DNA from the sample material. The extracted DNA is purified to remove any contaminants that could interfere with subsequent testing.
3. Genomic profiling: The extracted DNA is then analysed to obtain a genomic profile of the animal. This involves genotyping specific genetic markers or regions of interest across the animal's genome. These markers are chosen based on their known associations with traits of interest. High-throughput genotyping technologies, such as microarray-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, are commonly used for this purpose.
4. Data analysis: Once the genotyping is complete, the resulting data is analysed to identify the specific genetic variants present in the animal's genome. This analysis may involve comparing the animal's genotype to reference genomes or databases of known genetic variants associated with particular traits. Statistical methods and bioinformatics tools are used to interpret the data and identify genetic markers that are linked to desirable traits.
5. Trait prediction: Based on the genetic markers identified through genomic testing, breeders can make predictions about the animal's phenotype or observable traits. These predictions can inform breeding decisions, such as selecting animals with the most desirable genetic traits for breeding purposes. However, it's important to note that while genomic testing provides valuable insights into the genetic potential of an animal, other factors such as environmental conditions can also influence its actual phenotype.
Overall, genomic testing of cattle plays a crucial role in livestock breeding programs, allowing breeders to make more informed decisions to improve the overall quality and productivity of their herds.